Overgeneralization Definition and Examples

In linguistics, overgeneralization is the application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesnt apply. The term overgeneralization is most often used in connection with language acquisition by children. For example, a young child may say foots instead of feet, overgeneralizing the morphological rule for making plural nouns. Examples and Observations If I knowed the last bug I eated would be the last bug I eated, I woulda eated it slower, Phil said sadly.(Cathy East Dubowski, Rugrats Go Wild. Simon Spotlight, 2003)Im not scared of Dan, Mama, he was nice to me. He gived me drinks of water, and covered me up with his coat. and when he goed away, he said a prayer at me.(Anne Hassett, The Sojourn. Trafford, 2009)Most of you have probably heard a child say a word that you would never say. For example, children acquiring English routinely produce verbs like bringed and goed or nouns like mouses  and foots, and they certainly havent learned these forms from the adults around them. So they arent imitating adult speech, but they are figuring out grammatical rules, in this case the way to form past tense verbs and plural nouns. This process of figuring out a grammatical rule and applying it generally is called overgeneralization. They will later modify their natural rules of past tense and plural formation to accommodate the exceptions, including brought, went, mice, and feet. And moreover, theyll modify their language only when theyre good and ready.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Three Phases of Overgeneralization [C]hildren overgeneralize in the early phases of acquisition, meaning that they apply the regular rules of grammar to irregular nouns and verbs. Overgeneralization leads to forms which we sometimes hear in the speech of young children such as goed, eated, foots, and fishes. This process is often described as consisting of three phases: Phase 1: The child uses the correct past tense of go, for instance, but does not relate this past-tense went to present-tense go. Rather, went is treated as a separate lexical item.Phase 2: The child constructs a rule for forming the past tense and begins to overgeneralize this rule to irregular forms such as go (resulting in forms such as goed).Phase 3: The child learns that there are (many) exceptions to this rule and acquires the ability to apply this rule selectively. Note that from the observers or parents perspectives, this development is U-shaped--that is, children can appear to be decreasing rather than increasing in their accuracy of past-tense use as they enter phase 2. However, this apparent back-sliding is an important sign of linguistic development.(Kendall A. King, Child Language Acquisition. An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2006) A Childs Inborn Capacity for Learning Language Several observations . . . have led to the assumption by many, including linguists Noam Chomsky (1957) and Steven Pinker (1994), that human beings have an inborn capacity for learning language. No human culture on earth exists without language. Language acquisition follows a common course, regardless of the native language being learned. Whether a child is exposed to English or Cantonese, similar language structures appear at just about the same point in development. For example, children all over the world go through a stage in which they overapply language rules. Instead of saying, She went to the store, the child will say She goed to the store. Eventually, the older child will switch to the correct forms, long before any formal instruction. (John T. Cacioppo and Laura A. Freberg, Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind. Wadsworth, 2013)

The Democrats And The Whigs Were Polar Opposites Essay

Time Period 4 Study Guide 1. The Democrats and the Whigs were polar opposites of each other and believed strongly in different aspects of the federal government, economy, and state. The Whigs were mainly a conservative group which believed in a strong active government that protected industry through tariffs and wanted internal improvements such as canals, railroads, and telegraph lines as well as to promote public education. The Whigs also favored both Northern and Southern manufacturing and agriculture but did not like the concept of slavery and wished to abolish it. The Democrats on the other hand favored a state government over a federal government and believed in agriculture and slave labor over industry. The Democrats believed that the government should leave business alone, neither hindering it nor helping it. 2. The factors that contributed to the Second Great Awakening can be attributed to a reaction against rationalism which is the belief in human reason. Essentially being a Protestant revival movement, Baptists and Methodists led the movement as preachers. The Second Great Awakening focused on reviving religion before the Second Coming of God which was believed to be when the world was supposed to end. Overall the world did not end like it was predicted to, however the effects of the Second Great Awakening affected women as it gave them more status in society as well as a purpose. 3. The growth of a New American culture was instigated through the works of theShow MoreRelatedThe Democratic Party And Jacksonian Democracy738 Words   |  3 Pagesgovernment, economics, and politics. The Second Party System emerged after the Democratic and Whig parties came to power in America. The development of this party system was prompted by the clashing philosophies about individual rights, government control, and land acquisition. Despite both parties being equally prevalent in America, the Democratic Party flourished and was drastically much more successful than the Whig Party at impacting the nation. Between 1824 and 1828, with the support of AndrewRead MoreLincoln versus Douglas: One Mans Fall is Another Mans Rise Essay example2094 Words   |  9 Pagesbattle of dialect, rhetoric and moral justification. The two adversaries differed in partisanship, political success, height, methods of Government action, and most of all morality of what is right. Although the candidates presented polar opposites visions for America, they were similar in their dynamic display of debating. Both men possessed eloquence in their speeches and disposition. The debates consisted of seven encounters throughout Illinois. After one-hundred and fifty years, the historical significanceRead MoreThe Best President in American History: Abraham Lincoln Essay example3532 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"whole† man, who he really was and the enormous impact he was to have upon the lives of millions of people, the country of America and the world as a whole. What makes this man so extraordinary is not necessarily his accomplishments, which themselves were immense, but the fact that he achieved them in the face of hardship and frequent failure. His failures have even served as a model to inspire people to overcome great obstacles and life’s difficulties. He failed as a business man, a farmer and in

Project Management Principles Of A Project Manager Essay

1. Introduction Construction projects have always been a very important part of human civilisation. For handling a construction project there need men, money, machinery, material and management. The project would be successful when the project manager has these five variables under control. The key to project success is to pick the right project manager. A right project manager is the person who manages the triple constraints (cost, quality and time), scope and safety for the project to be planned in a correct way. A project manager should be capable of satisfying customer needs. Keeping clients satisfaction as a key goal, he should follow the project management principles. As the company wants to employ a project manager this report involves the key factors a project manager (builder) needs. It also addresses the roles and responsibilities of a site manager and project manager by using the project management principles overview which is applicable for this project. 2. 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Julius Robert Oppenheimer, the Man Who Created the Nuclear...

One man created a nuclear bomb, ended a world war, saved hundreds of thousands of lives, all while creating a new wave of theoretical physics. He was born on April 22, 1904 in New York. His father, who had come to the United States from Germany at the age of 17, was a prosperous textile importer. His mother, Ella Freedman, was a painter who studied in Paris and came from Baltimore. He is Julius Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer was the most important person of the twentieth century due to his creation of the School of Theoretical Physics in Berkeley, his crucial work on the development of the atomic bomb, which ended World War II, and his thoughtful opposition to the great destruction that could be wrought by the atomic bombs. Oppenheimer†¦show more content†¦in H. A Bethe 191-192). Oppenheimers role in the Manhattan Project was important for the United States to develop the nuclear bomb before its opponents. If Oppenheimer was not involved, the nuclear bomb may not have been created in time for its use in Japan, leading to hundreds of thousands of unnecessary deaths. Estimates from the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a cooperative Japan-US research organization, say that there were an estimated 90,000 to 166,000 casualties from the bomb dropped in Hiroshima, Japan, and an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 casualties from the bomb dropped in Nagasaki, Japan. If the United States had not had atomic bombs as a negotiation technique, Imperial Japan would have kept fighting to keep their honor. This would have, most likely, led to a land invasion, which would resulted in many more Japanese and American casualties. Oppenheimer saved hundreds of thousands of lives and ended the second world war with his work at the Manhattan Project. However, the massive destruction wrought by the atomic bombs troubled Oppenheimer. He had not considered the human toll that would be caused by the atomic bombs he and his team were working so hard to create. AtShow MoreRelated J. Robert Oppenheimer Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesnever be lost, and science can never regress.† J. Robert Oppenheimer A man who is almost synonymous with the development of the atomic bomb as well as with the conflicts between the desires of the government and the demands of the conscience, J. Robert Oppenheimer is one of the most influential physicists of our time. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born to a wealthy Jewish couple in New York in 1904. His father Julius Oppenheimer was a textile importer and his mother Ella Friedman was aRead MoreThe Threat Of The Atomic Bomb2009 Words   |  9 Pagesfamilies will be forgotten by humanity in a comparably short amount of time. The atomic bomb is one of the few events that will forever be remembered by people all over the world for the remainder of human history. Robert Oppenheimer, the main scientist in building the bomb, will be remembered as the person who created the most devastating weapon ever used in combat. The destruction that was caused by the bomb was mainly felt in the country of Japan, but its impact spread throughout the world. EndingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNorman Swartz, Simon Fraser University v Acknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las

Define Success Essay free essay sample

You can drive a Bentley and live in a million dollar, but youre not truly successful you love hat you do, and love accomplishing your goals more than receiving the award. Success Is not the destination but the road to your destination, Like any road being traveled the engine may breakdown, the AC may stop working, and you may get stunned by driving over pothole and dents on the road but you are successful because your persevere you keep It going and keep It moving. No matter how many dust clouds, thunderstorms, and fatigue, you have to keep It going.Another way which Is define success is also by someones mindset . For example, a dishwasher in a restaurant although it may not be the American dream of success but in the eyes of family he is success because has providing stable income, or could be dishwashing to put himself through school, or simply building his resume before moving up and opening his own business. We will write a custom essay sample on Define Success Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its all about the mindset, with success as a mindset, failure is never an option, no matter how long it may take one to achieve their goals. Success is also defined as the realization.Meaning the point in ones life where one ay look back and realize that the sweat, tears, pain, and worry were worth it or better yet they were miniscule compared to how great the reward of accomplishing your goal is. Success is not the high paying Job, but the self-fulfillment. Teachers for example get advance and expensive degrees only to work in a Job that pays less than the amount of loans there paying from college. Teachers that teach simply because they love it, or grow up wanting to be a teacher are successful because there doing what they love. This is why is define success with happiness.

Nne Fast Track Projects free essay sample

Executive Summary Novo Nordisk Engineering (NNE) went through a fundamental re-thinking of its business through the development of fast track projects in the pharmaceutical industry. The company succeeded in reducing the time needed to deliver a pharmaceutical factory from over three years down to 11 months winning the 2005 pharmaceutical Facility of the Year award. Fast-track projects meant a lot of pressure on the client, and some were just not ready to play. The client had to adapt to changes which many linked to an increase in cost and time. To ensure fast decision-making and client agreement on proposed solutions, the Project Management Team (PMT) had to build trust between NNE and the customer. In addition, there had to be a willingness from suppliers to take risks, a commitment to be part of the project team and a co-location with the rest of the project team. Modular technology was used to simplify and speed-up the project. Although speed was crucial, it was not achieved at the expense of quality. Each project had a quality activity plan, describing the quality goals agreed with the client, as well as methods to achieve goals. NNE continuously re-evaluated its process, gradually reducing the time needed to build a factory. In addition, they changed the way customers bought facilities away from the lowest bid approach. Project focus was shifted from specification-driven to time-driven. Trust had to be created with the customer by sharing risks. An investment in team building was made and a company culture focused on project execution. Customers and suppliers were made part of the implementation team fostering information sharing between all parties involved in the construction. Analysis Findings In this section, we are going to discuss the analysis findings behind NNE implemented strategy, the fast-track project execution and the management of this type of projects through answering the following questions: 1- Which are the key success factors of the NNE strategy? NNE strategy in developing the fast-track project was focused on their goal which reflects the mission that they were targeting to differentiate themselves and create a profile of their own. Hence, they have worked on various aspects of the project management that was necessary to fit the fast-track project type they are developing which led them to a significant success in achieving their objective. The key success factors of their applied strategy are pointed a below: Focusing on their target and proper planning to achieve it. Introducing the modular approach to reduce time and simplify the project. Setting a project activity model quality management system to ensure consistency and monitor quality. Creating project management teams and ensuring effective communication. Driving the project based on time not specifications. Obtaining the customers trust, engagement and support. Developing team spirit. Page | 2 2- What are the barriers for implementing fast-track execution? Why might other companies have chosen not to adopt this approach? The barriers which were noticed for implementing fast-track execution are as follow: Finding a customer who is willing to enter this fast loop of extensive planning, documentation and implementation phases with time driven approach and flexible specifications. Getting the Client’s trust and support in all matters of the project and under all circumstances. Building the team work atmosphere to sustain in such fast track project environment. Assuring the suppliers cooperation. Moreover, the reason behind some companies not have chosen to adopt the fasttracking projects approach is mainly related to their belief that speed in executing the projects is always related to an increase in cost, risks of delays in delivery and a threat in percentage of open contract. Page | 3 3- How is managing a fast track project different from a traditional project? Fast track project management has its own special criteria that differentiate it from a traditional project management such as: Adjusting HR strategy and arranging team to work in cross-functional perspective. Adjusting the client’s mindset as a lot of pressure will be on clients. Sticking to the processes and challenging the client’s specifications. Reorganize the projects parameters based on the project’s situation. Driving the project based on time and not based on specifications. Additionally, in traditional project management the need to identify all tasks, specifications and duties mentioning the dependencies of each task on the other are necessary to drive the project into its target. Page | 4 Conclusion Lessons Learned People minds could have several barriers in changing their existing setups of project management and the effort of pushing those barriers can show a successful result. Setting a clear challenging target and working on enhancing the process of implementing the project management tools existing processes have really proved the possibility of achieving those targets similar to the fast-track project execution. Fast-track projects have to be implemented in their own criteria with no scarification on major milestones, targets and quality of the job. Hence, adjusting the time, client’s mindset and challenge the specifications are done to fit the overall environment of those types of projects as well as building the team work atmosphere effective communication among the team members in order to drive it to a successful completion. Page | 5